working memory - 18399 Words

SMITMC06_0131825089.QXD 3/28/06 6:57 AM Page 239 REVISED PAGES CHAPTER Working Memory 6 Le arn i ng O b j ec t i ves 1. Using Working Memory 1.1. A Computer Metaphor 1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working Memory 2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory: A Brief History 2.1. William James: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory, and Consciousness 2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of Short-Term Memory 2.2.1. Brevity of Duration 2.2.2. Ready Accessibility 2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The Relationship of Short-Term and LongTerm Memory 2.4. The Baddeley-Hitch Model: Working Memory 3. Understanding the Working Memory Model 3.1. The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn’t 3.2. The Visuospatial Scratchpad 3.3. The†¦show more content†¦These short-term mental storage and manipulation operations are collectively called working memory. Think of working memory as involving a mental blackboard—that is, as a workspace that provides a temporary holding store so that relevant information is highly accessible and available for inspection and computation. When cognitive tasks are accomplished, the information can be easily erased, and the process can begin again with other information. 1.1. A Computer Metaphor The computer, so useful a metaphor in cognitive psychology, offers an intuitively appealing model for thinking about the nature and structure of working memory. SMITMC06_0131825089.QXD 3/28/06 6:57 AM Page 241 REVISED PAGES 1. Using Working Memory Simplifying the workings of a computer, there are two means by which information is stored, the hard disk and random-access memory (RAM). The hard disk is the means by which information is stored permanently in a stable and reliable form; all software programs, data files, and the operating system of the computer are stored on the hard disk. To use this stored information you must retrieve it from the hard disk and load it into RAM. Now for the analogy: the information stored in the hard disk is like long-term memory, RAM corresponds to working memory. The notion of working memory as a temporary workspaceShow MoreRelatedWorking Memory5992 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Working Memory ââ€"  Working memory enables us to keep things in mind for short periods (215 seconds) as we think, e.g. while reading, making a list etc. ââ€"  It s related to but different to short-term-memory (STM) and long-term-memory (LTM). ââ€"  Chapter focuses on Baddley s (1986) model of phonological working memory, vocabulary acquisition and computational modelling of working-memory. ââ€"  The concept of span means how many items from a briefly presented set can be remembered, e.g. word spanRead MoreWorking Memory and Its Benefits Essay2434 Words   |  10 Pagesfunctioning effectively to face immediate environmental changes in our everyday life. This ability is called the Working Memory. The term working memory was coined by Miller, Galanter, and Pribram in 1960 (Baddeley, 2003). It refers to the temporary storage in the brain for manipulation of necessary information to execute cognitive tasks. According to Baddeley and Hitch’s study (1974), working memory comprises three main components, a control system, the central executive and two storage systems, the visuospatialRead MoreWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer2205 Words   |  9 PagesWorking Memory Trainings and Limits of Its Transfer Working memory is the ability one has to manipulate and maintain information mentally, while ignoring other irrelevant distractions and interference in the brain. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of interest in this field. Research in this area is in fact, still a currently active and quickly developing area. Working memory is so essential in every person’s everyday life that one would not be able to function and perform theirRead MoreWorking Memory : The State Of Memory1367 Words   |  6 PagesWorking Memory describes the state of memory we are actively engaged with. It performs the functions of receiving, temporarily holding and manipulating information (Baddeley, 2010). To assess memory psychologists have found it helpful to define their theories as models. Atkinson and Shiffrin ‘s 1968 Stage Model of Memory defined 3 main components of memory systems; sensory memory from perception of experience that becomes short-term memory (STM), which through rehearsal loads more permanent connectionsRead MoreThe Effects Of Bilingualism On The Executive Function And Working Memory1948 Words   |  8 Pagesmore rapidly to conditions that placed greater demands on working memory. In all cases the bilingual advantage was greater for older participants. These two findings imply that bilingualism have beneficial effects on the executive function and working memory. Besides the excellent executive function ability and the great capability of working memory, researchers also found out that bilinguals have advantages on a particular working memory. The study of Luo et.al (2013) demonstrated that bilingualsRead MoreThe Aging Memory: A Research on Working Memory and Recall Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesThe aging memory: short-term memory and rec all performance differences found in age groups. 1. Introduction The following research proposal aims to continue to further the discussion and study into human memory. However, specifically more into the difference that can be found between age groups in terms of short-term memory and recall performance. Motivation to undertake in such a study can be said to expand on the existing knowledge as well as to close any gaps due to lack of insight and testingRead MoreEvaluate the Working Memory Model1310 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluate the Working Memory Introduction Human memory is a complex cognitive structure, which can be defined in many ways. One would argue that memory is 1.) The mental function of retaining information about stimuli, event, images, ideas, etc. after the original stimuli is no longer present. 2.) The hypothesized storage system in the mind that holds this information is so retained. A clear distinction is made between different types of memory systems and can be divided into subclasses. TheRead MoreThe Effect Of Speed Pressure On Working Memory During Mental Arithmetic Tasks1211 Words   |  5 Pagesspeed pressure on working memory during mental arithmetic tasks. 392 undergraduate students’ working memory capacities were measured and participants were divided into high and low working memory groups. They were then randomly assigned into the fast or slow condition and tested with the critical stimuli compromised of addition equations. The findings showed that fast conditions result in higher error rates than the slow conditions. The speed pressure also caused high working memory individuals to shiftRead MoreThe Effects Of Anxiety Disorders And Situational Anxiety On Short Term Working Memory1651 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: This research paper summarizes the results of three academic articles exploring the effects of anxiety disorders, and situational anxiety on short term working memory. These three articles all used different methods in attempt to connec t anxiety with working memory performance. To summarize, these studies attempt to answer the question of whether or not an attentional bias toward threatening (anxiety triggering) exposure or conditions, causes a greater susceptibility to distraction andRead MoreWorking Memory Model Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesfor being a very simplistic view of memory. They saw short term memory as a store that had many individual sections inside it. This was supported by patient KF who had epilepsy, the doctor wanted to try and remedy this by removing his hippocampus. This surgery was done, however instead of fixing his epilepsy, it damaged his short term memory, yet he still had his long term memory intact. In the multi-store model it states that in order to have long term memory, one needs to have gone through the

Albert Cohen And The Chemical Warfare Service - 868 Words

Albert Cohen, born in Boston in 1918, where he spent the overwhelming majority of his life in academia. In 1939, he completed his undergraduate studies at Harvard, where he was greatly influenced by his professors, most importantly Merton at Harvard, and Sutherland at Indiana. He chose to leave the New England area for graduate school. Cohen attended Indiana University where he completed his sociology graduate degree in 1942, during a tenuous time for the nation and the world, was gripped in war both in Europe and the Pacific. Cohen opted to serve in the war efforts, and the United States Army commissioned him as a Frist Lieutenant where he led soldiers in the Chemical Warfare Service (Mutchnick et al., 1990). A decade after serving his country in the war effort, Cohen returned to Boston and his undergrad lama mater, Harvard University to earn his doctoral degree in sociology in 1951. Cohen taught at Indiana University, University of Connecticut, University of California at Berk ley, and several other prominent institutions of higher learning over the course of his career. Additionally, he served at the managing editor of the American Sociological Review (Mutchnick et al., 1990). Cohen’s career as a criminological scholar was distinguished and he received numerous awards for his work. His most substantial contributions to the field related to his assessment of classism, delinquency, and gang culture. These are significant phenomena in the modern criminologicalShow MoreRelated The Role of Technology in Warfare Essay2132 Words   |  9 Pages–Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (qtd. in Schwartau 540) As the future of warfare becomes more sophisticated, what will be the military technology of tomorrow? The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO, believes that there are three possible answers to that question: nuclear warfare, biological/chemical warfare, or cyber warfare. While nuclear and biological warfare is conducted on a battlefield, cyber warfare operates via the Internet and computers. All of these weapons have the same destructiveRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesappropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formatsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Prin ter: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbookRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (andRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagespossi- 30 STRATEGY SAFARI TABLE 2 - 2 STRENGTHS A N D WEAKNESSES CHECKLIST 1. Marketing Product quality Number of product lines Product differentiation Market share Pricing policies Distribution channels Promotional programs Customer service Marketing research Advertising Sales force 2. Research and Development Product RD capabilities Process RD capabilities Pilot plant capabilities 3. Management Information System Speed and responsiveness Quality of current information ExpandabilityRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesperson. The sign said the station is out of sterilization tablets, implying that sterilizing the water will make it safe. Safe in what sense? Sterilizing means killing or removing all the living organisms, but not necessarily all the harmful chemicals. If you were to sterilize water containing gasoline, that wouldnt make it safe to drink. So, the problem is definitely the microorganisms. Now surely the rangers know that hikers are apt to try to sterilize water by boiling it. You reason that

Intersectionality A Sociological And Critical Theory Example For Students

Intersectionality : A Sociological And Critical Theory Intersectionality is a sociological and critical theory about how an individual can face multiple threats such as oppression, domination and discrimination when their various biological, social and cultural identities overlap such as gender, race, sex, wealth, age, ability, sexuality and many other characteristics. Intersectionality maintains that oppressive institutions such as racism, classism, ageism and countless more â€Å"isms†, are interconnected and do not act separately of one another. The idea of intersectionality applies to both genders but is traditionally applied to women. Victoria Bromley, author of Feminism Matters: Debates, Theories and Activism expresses intersectionality by explaining how power is utilized in various forms to empower and show privilege in the feminist society. She also discusses oppression as a tool of understanding how intersectionality is a complex idea. Bromley, argues using everyday examples and analysis to illustrate how intersectionalit y affects how a women can experience oppression in various ways and intensities depending on the way her social and cultural categories are interconnected. In Feminism Matters, Victoria Bromley analyses the use of power and how it intertwines with intersectionality and the feminist culture. There are two different ways that power is visualized in our society. The first branch she discusses, is empowerment. Bromley defines empowerment as a power that permits people to live more accomplished lives. Empowerment is an important aspect of feminism as it promotes power to be shared and be used for good instead of evil. Bromley believes that empowerment is â€Å"collective, expansive, and beneficial†¦Empowerment increases the social, economic, political and spiritual strength of individuals and their communities† (Bromley 50). The other side of power that Bromley mentions is the power that focuses on the systems of inclusion and exclusion, hierarchies of privilege and the system of domination and subordination. This type of power is what defines the struggle of intersectionality and what feminists want to eliminate in our society. It defines the fact that women are all the same and share the exact same life experiences; which is untrue. Another big aspect of power within intersectionality is privilege. Privilege, â€Å"†¦refers to an unspoken and invisible advantage that is not earned but conferred based on markers of identity- gender, race, class, sexuality, ability, and age† (Bromley 53). Bromley explains how power can be associated with privileged. For example, she explains how the unearned privilege of a white candidate who is being interviewed, means they are offered the job based on their perceived skin colour. The relationship between power and privilege is important as in this example, it determines who gets the job based off of their skin colour, ignoring the fact that the applicant may not have the credentials for the job. This disqualifies all the applicants with ethnic names, various races and backgrounds to even get the opportunity because of discrimination and exclusion. In our socie ty privilege is only associated with an image of a heterosexual, white, wealthy man and they are who are dominating this world. Feminists are trying to eradicate this idea of unearned privilege but the only way this can happen is if society becomes conscious of the seriousness of intersectionality. Oppression is another main theme in Bromley’s argument about intersectionality. The oppression you face is based on your markers of identity, such as race, gender, sex, sexuality, wealth and many more but it is impossible to understand these categories as being, â€Å"separated from the oppressive structures that form interlocking systems of oppression† (Bromley 55). Some of these oppressive structures are patriarchy, racism, colonialism, Eurocentrism, heterosexism, transphobia and ableism and prevent change and social lawfulness. To understand the complexity of oppression we have to look at the methods used to oppress people such as domination, inclusion, exclusion, inequality and exploitation to acquire another people’s land, culture and wealth. For example, Eurocentrism, uses the method of inclusion and exclusion to show the world that the ideal image of a European is the only valuable identity there is. They are known to use methods of oppression, domination, inclusion, exclusion, inequality and exploitation to acquire another people’s land, culture and wealth. For example, Eurocentrism, uses the method of inclusion and exclusion to show the world that the ideal image of a European is the only valuable identity there is. These oppressive structures have greatly influenced our world when it comes to understanding how the effects of intersectionality depend on the time period, geological aspect and location. .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .postImageUrl , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:hover , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:visited , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:active { border:0!important; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:active , .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8 .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue53a898c6ee369b7f4532a2bb0743ee8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Youve come a long way baby EssayIn conclusion, people’s lives are multidimensional and intricate. Bromley expresses how intersectionality is based on oppression, privilege and power and how it’s important for us to understand the implications of these structures. The reality of today’s society takes into consideration how multiple identities connect and affect someone’s life.